Ribosome is the last prerequisite for life and it is no wonder the most important molecular machinery, surrounding which all the cellular systems such as DNA (replication) and RNA (transcription) machineries evolved. Now, with the advances in technology and in-depth research, more and more molecular phenomena are found related to the ribosome. In fact, any important pathway should have close relationship with the ribosome, and among the important factors the translational factors should be at the first level. Therefore, we carry out the studies of translational factors from E. coli to human, and set up new organism models of translation regulation for the study of human health and desease.